Drillability Evaluation of Limestone Rock Quarries in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Abstract
The Compressive and Tensile Strengths of the rocks vis-a-vis Brittleness concepts (BCs) have often been used by various researchers to find empirical relations for the evaluation of drillability of the rocks. In this work the Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), Brazilian Tensile Strength (BTS) and five BCs (B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5) have been used to evaluate the drillability of the Limestone Rock quarries. For this purpose representative block samples of limestone rock were collected from the quarries of four Cement Factories which are operative in Sakesar and Samana Suk Formations of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. UCS and BTS tests were conducted for the determination of BCs (B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5), whereas the Sievers’ J- Miniature drill tests and Brittleness (S20) Tests were conducted in the laboratory to find the Drilling Rate Index (DRI) of the rocks. The measured indices of the rocks were correlated with the rock strength parameters and BCs. Strong linear decreasing relations were found between DRI, UCS, BCs values B3, B4, and B5, whereas weak relations were found between DRI, BTS, BCs values B1 and B2.References
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[38] Yarali Olgay and Soyer Eren (2013). Assessment of relationship between drilling rate index and mechanical properties of rocks. In: Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 33 (2013) 46-53.
[39] Yang Mou, Yingfeng-Meng, Gao Li, Lin Han & Yufei-Li, 2014. Effect of Grain Size and Grain Content on the Hardness and Drillability of Rocks. Sains Malaysiana. 43 (1) (2014): 81-87.
[2] Altindag, R., 2002. The evaluation of rock brittleness concept on rotary blasthole drills. In: Journal of South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. 102, pp 61–66.
[3] Altindag R., 2003. Correlation of specific energy with rock brittleness concepts on rock cutting. South Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., 103:163-171.
[4] Altindag, R., 2004. Evaluation of drill cuttings in prediction of penetration rate by using coarseness index and mean particle size in percussive drilling. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 22, 417-425.
[5] Altindag, R., 2010. Assessment of some brittleness indexes in rock-drilling efficiency. In Rock Mech Rock Eng. 43:361-370 (Technical Note)
[6] Altindag R and Guney A. 2010. Predicting the relationships between brittleness and mechanical properties (UCS, TS and SH) of Rocks. In Scientific research and Essays Vol. 5 (16), pp. 2107-2118.
[7] Bilgin, N., Yazıcı, S., Eskikaya, S., 1996. A model to predict the performance of roadheaders and impact hammers in tunnel drivages. In: Barla, M. (Ed.), Prediction and Performance in Rock Mech. and Rock Eng., Torino, vol. 2, pp. 715–720.
[8] Deketh, H.J.R., 1995. Wear of Rock Cutting Tools Laboratory Experiments on the Abrasivity of Rock. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 143 pp.
[9] De Graaf, P,J,H., Bell, F.G., 1997.The delivery tunnel North, Lesotho highlands water project. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 15, 95- 120.
[10] Dahl, F., 2003 DRI, BWI, CLI Standards, NTNU, Angleggsdrift, Trondheim, Norway.
[11] Hete ´nyi, M., 1966. Handbook of Experimental Stress Analysis. Wiley, New York, 115 pp.
[12] Hucka V, B Das., 1974. Brittleness determination of rocks by different methods. Int. J Rock Mech. Min Sci Geomech. Abstr. 10 (11). 389-92
[13] Howarth, D.F., 1986. Review of rock drillability and borability assessment methods. Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. (Sect. A: Min. Ind.) 95, A191–A201.
[14] Iqbal. M. W. A. and Shah. S.M. I., 1980. A guide to the stratigraphy of Pakistan. Records of the Geological Survey of Pakistan, Vol 53.
[15] ISRM. 1981. Suggested methods: rock characterization, testing and monitoring. In: Brown ET, editor. Exford: PergamonPress; 1981. p. 113-114; 120-121.
[16] Kahraman, S., 1999. Rotary and percussive drilling prediction using regression analysis. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 36, 981–989 [Technical Note].
[17] Kahraman S, Bilgin N, Feridunoglu C., 2003. Dominant rock properties affecting the penetration rate of percussive drills. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 40: 711-723.
[18] Kahraman S, Altindag R ., 2004. A brittleness index to estimate fracture toughness Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 41: 343-348.
[19] Kramadibrata, S, Made, A.R, Juanda, J, Simangunsong, G.M., and Priagung N, 2001. The use of dimensional analysis to analyses the relationship between penetration rate of Jack Hammer and rock properties and operational characteristics, in Proc. Indonesian Mining Conference and Exhibition, 7-8 November 2001, Jakarta, Indonesia.
[20] Kohler, M., Maidl. U., Martak, L., 2011. Abrasiveness and tool wear ib shield tunneling in soil.Geomech.Tunn., in press. Doi: 10.1002/geot.201100002.
[21] Lien, R., 1961. An indirect test method for estimating the drillability of rocks. Doctorate Dissertation, NTH Department of Geology, Norway.
[22] Li, X., Rupert, G., Summers, D.A., Santi, P., Liu, D., 2000. Analysis of impact hammer rebound to estimate rock drillability. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 33 (1), 1–13.
[23] Morley, A., 1944. Strength of Materials. Longmans, London 35 pp.
[24] McFeat-Smith, I., Fowel, R.J., 1977. Correlation of rock properties and the cutting performance of tunnelling machines. Proc. of a Conference on Rock Engineering, The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 581– 602.
[25] Nilsen, B., Ozdemir, L., 1993. Hard rock tunnel boring prediction and field performance. In: Bowerman, L.D., Monsees, J.E. (Eds.), Proc. of the Rapid Excavation and Tunnelling Conf., Boston, MA, pp. 833–852.
[26] Nilsen. B., 2003.Investigation and testing for Norwegian Hard Rock TBM performance prediction.in: ITU Mining faculty 50th year symposium, Istanbul, Turkey. pp 89-96.
[27] Niyazi Bilim, 2011. Determination of drillability of some natural stones and their association with rock properties. In Scientific research and Essays Vol. 6(2), pp. 382-387.
[28] Obert, L., Duvall, W.I., 1967. Rock Mechanics and the Design of Structures in Rock. Wiley, New York, 278 pp.
[29] Protodyakonov, M.M., 1963. Mechanical properties and drillability of rocks. Proc. 5th Symp. Rock Mech., University of Minnesota, Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 103–118.
[30] Ramsay, J.G., 1967. Folding and Fracturing of Rocks. McGrawHill, London, 289 pp.
[31] Selim, A.A., Bruce, W.E., 1970. Prediction of penetration rate of percussive drilling. USMB RI 73964, 21 pp.
[32] Schmidt, R.L., 1972. Drillability studies— percussive drilling in the field. USMB RI 7684, 31 pp.
[33] Singh, S.P., 1986. Brittleness and the mechanical winning of coal. Min. Sci. Technol. 3, 173–180.
[34] Singh, S.P., 1987. Criterion for the assessment of the cuttability of coal. In: Szwilski, A.B., Richards, M.J. (Eds.), Underground Mining Methods and Technology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 225– 239.
[35] Thuro K, Spaun G, 1996. Introducing the ‘destruction work’ as a new rock property of toughness referring to drillability in conventional drill and blast tunneling, In: Barla M, editor. Eurock’96 Prediction and Performance in Rock Mechanics and Rock
[36] Yarali Olgay and Kahraman Sair., 2011. The drillability assessment of rocks using the different brittleness values. In: Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 26 (2011) 406-414.
[37] Yarali Olgay, Soyer Eren 2011. The effect of mechanical rock properties and brittleness on drillability. In Scientific research and Essays Vol. 6 (5), pp. 1077-1088.
[38] Yarali Olgay and Soyer Eren (2013). Assessment of relationship between drilling rate index and mechanical properties of rocks. In: Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 33 (2013) 46-53.
[39] Yang Mou, Yingfeng-Meng, Gao Li, Lin Han & Yufei-Li, 2014. Effect of Grain Size and Grain Content on the Hardness and Drillability of Rocks. Sains Malaysiana. 43 (1) (2014): 81-87.
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Published
2016-06-22
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Section
Civil Engineering,Structures, Construction, Geo technology, Water, Transportation
