A Novel Decentralized Load Scheduling Algorithm for Electrical Vehicles in Smart Grid
Abstract
This paper illustrates the deployment of a load scheduling technique for electric vehicles (EVs) charging and discharging by introducing optimal control in a scattered network. We predict that power flow between EVs and utility grid is multi-directional, e.g., EVs can supply power to grid in reverse as the scattered energy source, this phenomenon is called vehicle to grid (V2G). The finest scheduling algorithm is created as a varied discrete program (VDP) constraint. That is NP-hard and enormously complex to compute. Therefore, to overcome this complexity, we have proposed a technique to compute the VDP constraint by altering the basic load profile curve during night hours, and designed a scattered algorithm to reiterate water-filling. This algorithm executes in decentralization manners and effectively schedules EVs charging/discharging in local areas where aggregators are available. Owner’s security enhancement and reduced computational load are the major benefits of our proposed algorithm; the performance of this algorithm is verified by simulations.
References
[1] U. ur Rehman and M. Riaz, "Vehicle to grid system for load and frequency management in smart grid," 2017 International Conference on Open Source Systems & Technologies (ICOSST), Lahore, 2017.
[2] U. u. Rehman, "Feasibility and Challenges of the Demand Side Management Implementation in Pakistan," 2018 14th International Conference on Emerging Technologies (ICET), Islamabad, 2018.
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[5] U. ur Rehman, "Profitable Load Scheduling Scheme for Plugged in Hybrid Electric Vehicles BESs in Smart Grid," 2019 2nd International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Technologies (iCoMET), Sukkur, Pakistan, 2019.
[6] V. Gupta, S. R. Konda, R. Kumar and B. K. Panigrahi, "Multiaggregator Collaborative Electric Vehicle Charge Scheduling Under Variable Energy Purchase and EV Cancelation Events," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 2894-2902, July 2018.
[7] V. del Razo and H. Jacobsen, "Smart Charging Schedules for Highway Travel With Electric Vehicles," in IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 160-173, June 2016.
[8] H. Mohsenian-Rad and M. ghamkhari, "Optimal Charging of Electric Vehicles With Uncertain Departure Times: A Closed-Form Solution," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 940-942, March 2015.
[9] Y. Xu, F. Pan and L. Tong, "Dynamic Scheduling for Charging Electric Vehicles: A Priority Rule," in IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 61, no. 12, pp. 4094-4099, Dec. 2016.
[10] Z. Liu, Q. Wu, S. Huang, L. Wang, M. Shahidehpour and Y. Xue, "Optimal Day-Ahead Charging Scheduling of Electric Vehicles Through an Aggregative Game Model," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 5173-5184, Sept. 2018.
[11] Y. Li and K. Li, "Incorporating Demand Response of Electric Vehicles in Scheduling of Isolated Microgrids With Renewables Using a Bi-Level Programming Approach," in IEEE Access, vol. 7.
[12] X. Zhu, H. Han, S. Gao, Q. Shi, H. Cui and G. Zu, "A Multi-Stage Optimization Approach for Active Distribution Network Scheduling Considering Coordinated Electrical Vehicle Charging Strategy," in IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 50117-50130, 2018.
[13] X. Tan, G. Qu, B. Sun, N. Li and D. H. K. Tsang, "Optimal Scheduling of Battery Charging Station Serving Electric Vehicles Based on Battery Swapping," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1372-1384, March 2019.
[14] A. Mehrabi and K. Kim, "Low-Complexity Charging/Discharging Scheduling for Electric Vehicles at Home and Common Lots for Smart Households Prosumers," in IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 348-355, Aug. 2018.
[15] Q. Kang, S. Feng, M. Zhou, A. C. Ammari and K. Sedraoui, "Optimal Load Scheduling of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles via Weight-Aggregation Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms," in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 2557-2568, Sept. 2017.
[16] D. Wang, X. Guan, J. Wu, P. Li, P. Zan and H. Xu, "Integrated Energy Exchange Scheduling for Multimicrogrid System With Electric Vehicles," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1762-1774, July 2016.
[17] H. Xing, M. Fu, Z. Lin and Y. Mou, "Decentralized Optimal Scheduling for Charging and Discharging of Plug-In Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 4118-4127, Sept. 2016.
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[20] A. Gusrialdi, Z. Qu and M. A. Simaan, "Distributed Scheduling and Cooperative Control for Charging of Electric Vehicles at Highway Service Stations," in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 2713-2727, Oct. 2017.
[21] Maigha and M. L. Crow, "Electric Vehicle Scheduling Considering Co-optimized Customer and System Objectives," in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 410-419, Jan. 2018.
[22] J. Zhao, C. Wan, Z. Xu and J. Wang, "Risk-Based Day-Ahead Scheduling of Electric Vehicle Aggregator Using Information Gap Decision Theory," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1609-1618, July 2017.
[23] K. Maalej, S. Kelouwani, K. Agbossou, Y. Dubé and N. Henao, "Long-Trip Optimal Energy Planning With Online Mass Estimation for Battery Electric Vehicles," in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 4929-4941, Nov. 2015.
[24] South California Edison [Online]. Available: https://www.sce.com/005_regul_info/eca/DOMSM11.DLP.
[25] B. Kim, S. Ren, M. van der Schaar and J. Lee, "Bidirectional Energy Trading and Residential Load Scheduling with Electric Vehicles in the Smart Grid," in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 1219-1234, July 2013.
[26] H. Chung, W. Li, C. Yuen, C. Wen and N. Crespi, "Electric Vehicle Charge Scheduling Mechanism to Maximize Cost Efficiency and User Convenience," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 3020-3030, May 2019.
[27] T. L. Vu, A. A. Ayu, J. S. Dhupia, L. Kennedy and A. K. Adnanes, "Power Management for Electric Tugboats Through Operating Load Estimation," in IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 2375-2382, Nov. 2015.
[28] Xiangyu Chen ; Ka-Cheong Leung ; Albert Y. S. Lam ; David. J. Hill “Online Scheduling for Hierarchical Vehicle-to-Grid System: Design, Formulation, and Algorithm” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2019.
[29] V. Monteiro, B. Exposto, J. C. Ferreira and J. L. Afonso, "Improved Vehicle-to-Home (iV2H) Operation Mode: Experimental Analysis of the Electric Vehicle as Off-Line UPS," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 2702-2711, Nov. 2017.
[30] B. Sah, P. Kumar, R. Rayudu, S. K. Bose and K. P. Inala, "Impact of Sampling in the Operation of Vehicle to Grid and Its Mitigation," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 3923-3933, July 2019.
[31] A. Y. S. Lam, J. J. Q. Yu, Y. Hou and V. O. K. Li, "Coordinated Autonomous Vehicle Parking for Vehicle-to-Grid Services: Formulation and Distributed Algorithm," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 4356-4366, Sept. 2018.
[32] z. liu, Q. Wu, M. Shahidehpour, C. Li, S. Huang and W. Wei, "Transactive Real-Time Electric Vehicle Charging Management for Commercial Buildings With PV On-Site Generation," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 4939-4950, Sept. 2019.
[33] L. Samaranayake and S. Longo, "Degradation Control for Electric Vehicle Machines Using Nonlinear Model Predictive Control," in IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 89-101, Jan. 2018.
[34] Maigha and M. L. Crow, "Electric Vehicle Scheduling Considering Co-optimized Customer and System Objectives," in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 410-419, Jan. 2018.
[35] J. Zhao, C. Wan, Z. Xu and J. Wang, "Risk-Based Day-Ahead Scheduling of Electric Vehicle Aggregator Using Information Gap Decision Theory," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1609-1618, July 01.
[36] K. Maalej, S. Kelouwani, K. Agbossou, Y. Dubé and N. Henao, "Long-Trip Optimal Energy Planning With Online Mass Estimation for Battery Electric Vehicles," in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 4929-4941, Nov. 2015.
[37] M. Ansari, A. T. Al-Awami, E. Sortomme and M. A. Abido, "Coordinated bidding of ancillary services for vehicle-to-grid using fuzzy optimization," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 261-270, Jan. 2015.
[38] B. Kim, S. Ren, M. van der Schaar and J. Lee, "Bidirectional Energy Trading and Residential Load Scheduling with Electric Vehicles in the Smart Grid," in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 1219-1234, July 2013.
[39] H. Chung, W. Li, C. Yuen, C. Wen and N. Crespi, "Electric Vehicle Charge Scheduling Mechanism to Maximize Cost Efficiency and User Convenience," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 3020-3030, May 2019.
[40] T. L. Vu, A. A. Ayu, J. S. Dhupia, L. Kennedy and A. K. Adnanes, "Power Management for Electric Tugboats Through Operating Load Estimation," in IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 2375-2382, Nov. 2015.
[2] U. u. Rehman, "Feasibility and Challenges of the Demand Side Management Implementation in Pakistan," 2018 14th International Conference on Emerging Technologies (ICET), Islamabad, 2018.
[3] U. u. Rehman and M. Riaz, "Feasibility of the Smart Grid Implementation for Better Load Management in Pakistan," 2018 5th International Multi-Topic ICT Conference (IMTIC), Jamshoro, 2018.
[4] U. ur Rehman and M. Riaz, "Real time controlling algorithm for vehicle to grid system under price uncertainties," 2018 1st International Conference on Power, Energy and Smart Grid (ICPESG), Mirpur Azad Kashmir, 2018.
[5] U. ur Rehman, "Profitable Load Scheduling Scheme for Plugged in Hybrid Electric Vehicles BESs in Smart Grid," 2019 2nd International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Technologies (iCoMET), Sukkur, Pakistan, 2019.
[6] V. Gupta, S. R. Konda, R. Kumar and B. K. Panigrahi, "Multiaggregator Collaborative Electric Vehicle Charge Scheduling Under Variable Energy Purchase and EV Cancelation Events," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 2894-2902, July 2018.
[7] V. del Razo and H. Jacobsen, "Smart Charging Schedules for Highway Travel With Electric Vehicles," in IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 160-173, June 2016.
[8] H. Mohsenian-Rad and M. ghamkhari, "Optimal Charging of Electric Vehicles With Uncertain Departure Times: A Closed-Form Solution," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 940-942, March 2015.
[9] Y. Xu, F. Pan and L. Tong, "Dynamic Scheduling for Charging Electric Vehicles: A Priority Rule," in IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 61, no. 12, pp. 4094-4099, Dec. 2016.
[10] Z. Liu, Q. Wu, S. Huang, L. Wang, M. Shahidehpour and Y. Xue, "Optimal Day-Ahead Charging Scheduling of Electric Vehicles Through an Aggregative Game Model," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 5173-5184, Sept. 2018.
[11] Y. Li and K. Li, "Incorporating Demand Response of Electric Vehicles in Scheduling of Isolated Microgrids With Renewables Using a Bi-Level Programming Approach," in IEEE Access, vol. 7.
[12] X. Zhu, H. Han, S. Gao, Q. Shi, H. Cui and G. Zu, "A Multi-Stage Optimization Approach for Active Distribution Network Scheduling Considering Coordinated Electrical Vehicle Charging Strategy," in IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 50117-50130, 2018.
[13] X. Tan, G. Qu, B. Sun, N. Li and D. H. K. Tsang, "Optimal Scheduling of Battery Charging Station Serving Electric Vehicles Based on Battery Swapping," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1372-1384, March 2019.
[14] A. Mehrabi and K. Kim, "Low-Complexity Charging/Discharging Scheduling for Electric Vehicles at Home and Common Lots for Smart Households Prosumers," in IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 348-355, Aug. 2018.
[15] Q. Kang, S. Feng, M. Zhou, A. C. Ammari and K. Sedraoui, "Optimal Load Scheduling of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles via Weight-Aggregation Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms," in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 2557-2568, Sept. 2017.
[16] D. Wang, X. Guan, J. Wu, P. Li, P. Zan and H. Xu, "Integrated Energy Exchange Scheduling for Multimicrogrid System With Electric Vehicles," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1762-1774, July 2016.
[17] H. Xing, M. Fu, Z. Lin and Y. Mou, "Decentralized Optimal Scheduling for Charging and Discharging of Plug-In Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 4118-4127, Sept. 2016.
[18] A. Gusrialdi, Z. Qu and M. A. Simaan, "Distributed Scheduling and Cooperative Control for Charging of Electric Vehicles at Highway Service Stations," in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 2713-2727, Oct. 2017.
[19] H. Xing, M. Fu, Z. Lin and Y. Mou, "Decentralized Optimal Scheduling for Charging and Discharging of Plug-In Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 4118-4127, Sept. 2016.
[20] A. Gusrialdi, Z. Qu and M. A. Simaan, "Distributed Scheduling and Cooperative Control for Charging of Electric Vehicles at Highway Service Stations," in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 2713-2727, Oct. 2017.
[21] Maigha and M. L. Crow, "Electric Vehicle Scheduling Considering Co-optimized Customer and System Objectives," in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 410-419, Jan. 2018.
[22] J. Zhao, C. Wan, Z. Xu and J. Wang, "Risk-Based Day-Ahead Scheduling of Electric Vehicle Aggregator Using Information Gap Decision Theory," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1609-1618, July 2017.
[23] K. Maalej, S. Kelouwani, K. Agbossou, Y. Dubé and N. Henao, "Long-Trip Optimal Energy Planning With Online Mass Estimation for Battery Electric Vehicles," in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 4929-4941, Nov. 2015.
[24] South California Edison [Online]. Available: https://www.sce.com/005_regul_info/eca/DOMSM11.DLP.
[25] B. Kim, S. Ren, M. van der Schaar and J. Lee, "Bidirectional Energy Trading and Residential Load Scheduling with Electric Vehicles in the Smart Grid," in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 1219-1234, July 2013.
[26] H. Chung, W. Li, C. Yuen, C. Wen and N. Crespi, "Electric Vehicle Charge Scheduling Mechanism to Maximize Cost Efficiency and User Convenience," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 3020-3030, May 2019.
[27] T. L. Vu, A. A. Ayu, J. S. Dhupia, L. Kennedy and A. K. Adnanes, "Power Management for Electric Tugboats Through Operating Load Estimation," in IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 2375-2382, Nov. 2015.
[28] Xiangyu Chen ; Ka-Cheong Leung ; Albert Y. S. Lam ; David. J. Hill “Online Scheduling for Hierarchical Vehicle-to-Grid System: Design, Formulation, and Algorithm” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2019.
[29] V. Monteiro, B. Exposto, J. C. Ferreira and J. L. Afonso, "Improved Vehicle-to-Home (iV2H) Operation Mode: Experimental Analysis of the Electric Vehicle as Off-Line UPS," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 2702-2711, Nov. 2017.
[30] B. Sah, P. Kumar, R. Rayudu, S. K. Bose and K. P. Inala, "Impact of Sampling in the Operation of Vehicle to Grid and Its Mitigation," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 3923-3933, July 2019.
[31] A. Y. S. Lam, J. J. Q. Yu, Y. Hou and V. O. K. Li, "Coordinated Autonomous Vehicle Parking for Vehicle-to-Grid Services: Formulation and Distributed Algorithm," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 4356-4366, Sept. 2018.
[32] z. liu, Q. Wu, M. Shahidehpour, C. Li, S. Huang and W. Wei, "Transactive Real-Time Electric Vehicle Charging Management for Commercial Buildings With PV On-Site Generation," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 4939-4950, Sept. 2019.
[33] L. Samaranayake and S. Longo, "Degradation Control for Electric Vehicle Machines Using Nonlinear Model Predictive Control," in IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 89-101, Jan. 2018.
[34] Maigha and M. L. Crow, "Electric Vehicle Scheduling Considering Co-optimized Customer and System Objectives," in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 410-419, Jan. 2018.
[35] J. Zhao, C. Wan, Z. Xu and J. Wang, "Risk-Based Day-Ahead Scheduling of Electric Vehicle Aggregator Using Information Gap Decision Theory," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1609-1618, July 01.
[36] K. Maalej, S. Kelouwani, K. Agbossou, Y. Dubé and N. Henao, "Long-Trip Optimal Energy Planning With Online Mass Estimation for Battery Electric Vehicles," in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 4929-4941, Nov. 2015.
[37] M. Ansari, A. T. Al-Awami, E. Sortomme and M. A. Abido, "Coordinated bidding of ancillary services for vehicle-to-grid using fuzzy optimization," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 261-270, Jan. 2015.
[38] B. Kim, S. Ren, M. van der Schaar and J. Lee, "Bidirectional Energy Trading and Residential Load Scheduling with Electric Vehicles in the Smart Grid," in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 1219-1234, July 2013.
[39] H. Chung, W. Li, C. Yuen, C. Wen and N. Crespi, "Electric Vehicle Charge Scheduling Mechanism to Maximize Cost Efficiency and User Convenience," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 3020-3030, May 2019.
[40] T. L. Vu, A. A. Ayu, J. S. Dhupia, L. Kennedy and A. K. Adnanes, "Power Management for Electric Tugboats Through Operating Load Estimation," in IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 2375-2382, Nov. 2015.
