Channel Forming Discharge in Rivers: A Case Study of Jhelum River in Pakistan
Abstract
It is generally believed that a range of flows or a flow regime is responsible for channel formation and maintenance rather than a single flow rate. Conversely, depiction of the channel-forming discharge as a single flow rate that represents the collective effects of a range of discharges is a convenient method for designing management schemes for controlled rivers. Three approaches are available for the quantification of channel forming discharge (Qcf): effective discharge (Qeff), bank-full discharge (Qbf) and return interval discharge (Qri). In the present study the variability in the relative magnitudes of the three approaches of estimating Qcf has been studied using literature review and by analyzing two reaches of Jhelum River near Hattian Bala Gauging Station and Azad Patan Gauging Station. The three approaches provide comparative values for non-incised river reaches having low flow variability and are having coarse beds. It has been observed that for the flashy hydrology, values of Qeff, are usually higher than Qbf and for the incised river reaches values of Qbf are much higher than the Qeff. The results of the study are in comparison with the results of previous studies regarding flashy hydrology and sand beds. The flow duration of the effective discharge for studied reaches is 13% to 4.6% of time or 48 days per year to 13 days per year. These results support the conclusion of Wolman and Miller (1960) that the effective discharge is a comparatively frequent flow that happens on an average of a number of days per year. This study can be utilized by local designers especially for designing hydraulic structures on Jhelum River.References
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Wolman, M. G. and Leopold, L. B., United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 282C, (1957).
Woodyer, K.D., J. Hydrology, 6, 114-142, (1968)
Ackers, P. and Charlton, F. G. Meander geometry arising from varying flows, (1970b).
Andrews, E. D. J. Hydrol., (1980), 46, 311– 330.
Andrews, E. D., and Nankervis, J. M. AGU Monograph Series No. 89, Washington, D.C. (1995), 151–164.
Annual Reports V-1, Surface Water Hydrology Project (SWHP), WAPDA, (1970-2006)
Ashmore, P. E., and Day, T. J. Water Resour. Res., (1988), 24(6), 864–870.
Biedenharn, D. S., Copeland, R. R., Thorne, C. R., Soar, P. J., Hey, R. D., and Watson, C. C. Technical Rep. No. ERDC/CHL TR-00-15, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C (2000)
Blench, T. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, (1952), 117, Paper 2499, 383-400.
Blench, T. Regime Behaviour of Canals and Rivers, Butterworths Scientific Publications, London, (1957), 137 pp.
Bray, D. I. J. Hydrol., (1975), 27, 143–153.
Carling, P. Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, (1988), 13, 355–367.
Copeland, R. R. Biedenharn D.S. and Fischenich J.C., Technical Report ERDC/CHL CHETN-VIII United States Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg, Mississippi, (2000) December.
Crowder, D. W., and Knapp, H. V., Geomorphology, (2005), 64, 167–184.
Doyle M.W., Shields D., Boyd K.F, Skidmore P.B. and Dominick D., J. Hydraul., (2007). Vol. 133, No. 7, 831–837.
Dury, G. H., Bulletin of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology, (1961), 6(3), 48-55.
Einstein, H. A., United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Technical Bulletin, (1950), No. 1026.
Emmett, W. W., United States Geological Survey, Open File Report, (1972), 72-108.
Emmett, W. W., United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, (1975), 870A.
Emmett, W. W., and Wolman, M. G., Earth Surf Processes Landforms, (2001), 26, 1369– 1380.
Ferro, V., Porto, P., Earth Surf Processes Landforms, (2011), 36, 1007–1022.
Harvey, A. M., Journal of Hydrology, (1969), 8, 82-98.
Hey, R. D., In: Hey, R. D. and Davies, T. D. (Eds.), Science, Technology and Environmental Management. Saxon House, Farnborough, (1975), 73-88.
Hey, R. D. and Thorne, C. R., J. Hydraul., (1986), 112(6), 671-689.
Hydrographic Survey of Jhelum River, International Sediment Research Institute Pakistan, February, (2009)
Hydrology and Sedimentation Report of Azad Patan Hydropower Project, Scott Wilson Limited and FHC Limited, (2008)
Inglis, C. C., In: Edgecombe, A. R. B. (Ed.), Central Board of Irrigation Annual Report (Technical), 1939-1940 session, India, Publication, (1941), 24, 100-114.
Inglis, C. C., Institution of Civil Engineers, Maritime and Waterways Engineering Division, (1947), Paper No. 7, 54 pp.
Inglis, C. C., Central Water Power, Irrigation and Navigation Research Station, Poona, India, Research Publication, (1949b), 13, Part 1, 298 pp.
Nash, D. B. J. Geol., (1994), 102, 79–95.
Nixon, M., Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, (1959), 12, Paper 6322, 157- 174.
Nolan, K. M., Lisle, T. E., and Kelsey, H. M., Proc., Covallis Symp., IAHS, (1987), No. 165, 439–449.
Pickup, G. and Warner, R. F., Journal of Hydrology, (1976), 29, 51-75.
Powell G. E., Mecklenburg D, Ward A, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE (2006) Vol. 49(1): 35−46 ISSN 0001−2351
Shields, F. D., Copeland, R. R., Klingeman, P. C., Doyle, M. W., and Simon, A. J., Hydraul. Eng., (2003), 129(8), 575–584.
Simon, A., Dickerson, W., and Heins, A., Geomorphology, (2004), 58, 243–262.
Soar, P. J., and Thorne, C. R., ERDC/CHL CR- 01-1, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C. (2001)
Sediment Appraisal Report, Surface Water Hydrology Project (SWHP), WAPDA, (1970- 2006)
Thorne, C. R., Soar, P. J., Hey, R. D., and Watson, C. C., Final Report submitted to United States Army Research, Development and Standardization Group-U.K., London, under contract N68171-97-M-5757. Department of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham., (1998), 39 pp
Tilleard, J.. “In: Rutherford, I. and Bartley, R. (Eds.), Second Australian Stream Management Conference: The Challenge of Rehabilitating Australia Streams. Adelaide, South Australia, February 8-11 (1999), 629-635.
Whiting, P. J., Stamm, J. F., Moog, D. B., and Orndorff, R. L., Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., (1999)., 111(3), 450–466.
Williams, G. P., Water Resour. Res., (1978), 14(6), 1141–1154.
Wolman, G., and Miller, J., J. Geol., (1960), 68, 54–74.
Wolman, M. G., United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 271, (1955).
Wolman, M. G. and Leopold, L. B., United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 282C, (1957).
Woodyer, K.D., J. Hydrology, 6, 114-142, (1968)
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2016-06-22
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Civil Engineering,Structures, Construction, Geo technology, Water, Transportation
