The Use of GIS and Geo-Electric Techniques for Modeling of Surface and Groundwater in Kotli City, District Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
Abstract
The Geographic Information System (GIS) and geo-electrical techniques have been used for the modeling of surface and groundwater bodies of the Kotli city and its surrounding areas of District Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The Landsat 8 imagery is used for the modeling of the surface water and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) method is applied for the delineation of subsurface lithology in the study area. A total number of 21 VES points have been collected by using Schlumberger configuration. The VES data were acquired with the help of ABEM Terrameter SAS 4000. The acquired data have been processed by using IPI2WIN (2008) software and the interpretation was carried out in terms of true resistivity and thickness of different layers of sedimentary strata. The underline lithology comprises of top soil, boulder clay, boulder and gravel, clay, dry sandy soil and sandstone. The groundwater potential zones (good and moderate) have been identified in the area. The thickness of aquifer varies from 20 m to 129 m. The maximum number of aquifers are confined and of “A” (ρ1 < ρ2 < ρ3), “K” (ρ1 < ρ2 > ρ3) and “H” type (ρ1 > ρ2 < ρ3) shapes. The overburden protective capacity of the aquifers are rated as poor to weak in the vicinity of VES 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20 and 21 and vulnerable to infiltration of leachate from storage facility or dumps.
References
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[33] Loke, M.H. (2004). Electrical imaging surveys for environmental and engineering studies.
[34] Yungul, S.H. (1996). Electrical methods in geophysical exploration of sedimentary basin. Chapman and Hill, U.K: 152.
[2] Niaz, A., Khan, M. R., Asghar, A., Mustafa, S., Hameed, F., Umair, B. N., Khan, S., Mughal, M. S., Farooq, M. & Rizwan., M. (2017). The study of aquifers potential and contamination based on geoelectric technique and chemical analysis in Mirpur Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 50 (2), 60-73.
[3] Zohdy, A., Eaton, G., Mabey, D. (1974). Application of surface geophysics to groundwater investigations. Techniques of Water-Resources Investigation of the United States Geological Survey. Vol. 2. pp 116-119.
[4] Gokhan, G., Blkaya, C., Erhan, Z., Yurkadul, A.(2007). Investigation of shallow alluvial aquifer using Geoelectrical methods. Journal of Environmental Geology. Vol. 46. pp 1283-1290.
[5] Saraf, A.K., Choudhury, P.R. (1997). Integrated Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Groundwater Exploration in Hard Rock Terrain, Proceedings of International Symposium on Emerging Trends in Hydrology, Department of Hydrology, Roorkee, India.
[6] Ahmad, S., Bhatti, S.S, Shahid, B.A., Khan, M.A. (2007). Framework for Selecting Spate Irrigation Systems and Interactive Focus Group Dialoguesin Baluchistan, Pakistan. (1) TA-4560.
[7] Omosuyi, G., Adeyemo, O., Adegoke, A.O. (2007). Investigation of groundwater prospect using geoelectric and electromagnetic sounding at Afunbiowo near Akurea Southwestern Nigeria. Pacific Journal of Sciences and Technology. Vol. 8(1). Pp 172-182.
[8] Bernstone, C., Dahlin, T., Ohlsson, T., Hogland, W. (2000). DC-resistivity mapping of internal landfill structures: two pre- excavation surveys. Environmental Geology. Vol. 39. pp 360-371.
[9] Niaz, A., Khan, M.R., Mustafa, S., Hameed, F. (2016). Determination of aquifer properties and vulnerability mapping by using geoelectrical investigation of parts of Sub-Himalayas, Bhimber, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Quaternary Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. Vol. 49. pp 36-46.
[10] El-Qady, G. (2006).Exploration of a geothermal reservoir using geoelectrical resistivity inversion case study at Hammam Mousea, Sinai, Egypt. Case study at hummam mousea Sinai. Egyptian Journal of Geophysics and Engineering. Vol. 3. pp 114- 121.
[11] Kelly, W.E., Stanisly, M. (1993). Applied geophysics in hydrogeological and engineering practice.Elsevier, Amesterdam. pp 292.
[12] Olorunfemi, M.O., Meshida, E.A. (1987).Engineering geophysics and its application in engineering site investigation- (case study from Ilelfe area) The Nigerian Engineer. Vol. 22(2). pp 57-66.
[13] Oseji, J.O., Atakpo, E.A., Okolie, E.C. (2005). Geoelectric investigation of the aquifer characteristics and groundwater potential in Kwale, Delta state, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. Vol. 9. pp 157-160.
[14] Barker, R.D. (1980). Application of geophysics in groundwater investigations, Water Surv. Vol. 84. pp 489-492.
[15] Bernard, J., Valla, P. (1991). Groundwater exploratio in fissured media with electric and VLF metods, Geoexploration., Vol. 27. pp 81- 91.
[16] Nowroozi, A., Horrocks, B., Henderson, P. (1999). Saltwater intrusion into the fresh water aquifer in the eastern shore of Virginia: a reconnaissance electrical resistivity survey. Journal of Applied Geophysics. Vol. 42. pp 1- 22.
[17] Chukwuma, E.C., Orakwe, L.C., Anizoba, D.C., Amaefule, D.O., Odoh, C.C., Nzediwgwu, C. (2015).Geo- electric groundwater vulnerability assessment of overburden aquifers at Awka in Anambra State, South- eastern Nigeria. European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience. Vol. 3(1). pp 29-34.
[18] Niaz, A., Khan, M. R., Asghar, A., Mustafa, S. & Hameed, F., (2013). Determination of groundwater potential in Mirpur Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan using geoelectric method vertical electrical sounding. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 4, 2229-5518.
[19] Van-Overmeeren, R. (1989).Aquifer boundaries explored by geoelectrical measurements in the coastal plain of Yemen. A Case of Equivalence. Geophysics. Vol. 54. pp 38-48.
[20] Nisar, B. U., Khan, M. R., Khan, S., Farooq, M., Rizwan, M., Ahmed, K. A., Razzaq, S. S. & Niaz, A., (2018). Quaternary Paleo- depositional Environments in relation to Ground water occurrence in lesser Himalayan Region, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 51(1), 99-112.
[21] Shah, S.M.I. (2009). Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Pakistan. Vol. 22. pp 293-298.
[22] Zananiri, I., Memou, T., Lachanas, G. (2006). Vertical electrical sounding survey at the central part of the Kos Island, Aegean, Greece. Geoscience. pp 411-413.
[23] Sultan, S.A., Mekhemer, H.M., Santos, F.A.M., Abd-Alla, M. (2009).Geophysical measurement for subsurface mapping and groundwater exploration at the central part of Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. Vol. 34. pp 103-119.
[24] Pal, S.K., Majumdar, R.K. (2001). Determination for groundwater potential zones using Iso- resistivity map in the alluvial areas of MungerDistrict, Bihar. Journal of Earth Science., Vol. 1(4). pp 16- 26.
[25] Arulprakasam, R., Siva, K., Gowtham, B. 2014). Electrical Resistivity Technique for demarcation of groundwater quality zones in Parts of Vanur block, Villupuram District, Tamil. International Journal of Geology and Agriculture Environmental Sciences. Vol. 2(1). pp 28-30.
[26] Parasnis, D.S. (1979). Principles of Applied Geophysics, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., pp 275.
[27] Nwanko, C., Nwasu, L., Emujakporue, G. (2011). Determination of Dar Zarrouk parameters for assessment of groundwater potential: case study of Imo State, southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development. Vol. 2(8). pp 57-71.
[28] Slater, L. (2007). Near surface electricalcharacterization of hydraulic conductivity from petrophysical properties to aquifer geometries. Surveys in Geophysics. Vol. 28. pp 167-169.
[29] Gowd, S.S. (2004). Electrical resistivity survey to delineate the groundwater potential aquifers in Peddavanka watershed, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal ofEnvironmental Geology. Vol. 46. pp 118-131.
[30] Henriet, J.P. (1976). Direct application of the Dar Zarrouk parameters in groundwater surveys.Geophysical Prospects. Vol. 24(2). pp 344-353.
[31] Walker, L.S., Gexin, C., Yongsuk, H. (2009). Colloidal and Bacterial Deposition: Role of Gravity Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California Langmuir. Vol. 26(1). pp 314-319.
[32] Joseph, O.C. (2012). Vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods to delineate potential groundwater aquifers in Akobo area, Ibadan, South-western, Nigeria. Journal of Geology and Mineralogical Resources. Vol. 4(2). pp 35-42.
[33] Loke, M.H. (2004). Electrical imaging surveys for environmental and engineering studies.
[34] Yungul, S.H. (1996). Electrical methods in geophysical exploration of sedimentary basin. Chapman and Hill, U.K: 152.
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2020-03-13
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Civil Engineering,Structures, Construction, Geo technology, Water, Transportation
