Long Term Thermo-mechanical Prediction of Banana Stem Particulate Reinforced PVC Composite as Piping Material
Abstract
A banana particulate reinforced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composite was developed with considerabley low cost materials having an overall light-weight and good mechanical properties. The specimen composite material was produced with the banana (stem) particulate as reinforcement using compression molding. The composition with optimum mechanical property (42MPa) was determined at 8, 72 and 20% formulation of banana stem particulates (reinforcement), PVC (matrix) and Kankara clay (filler) respectively with corresponding density of 1.24g/cm3 and tensile strength of 42MPa. Thermal analyses of the composited showed that the thermal stability of PVC was increased by 27.8% and is thermally stable up to a temperature of 370ºC. It was established that Long term TTS (time-temperature-superposition) performance prediction increases with decrease in operating temperature with the best determined at lowest considered temperature of 40ºC having a corresponding reduced stiffness of 1GPa at an estimated period in excess of 100 years of usage. The composite could be used as a transportation and distribution piping material for water (to domestic houses) and fuel (to city centers) where ambient temperature does not exceed 50ºC.
References
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[11] Dan-asabe, B. Thermo-mechanical characterization of banana particulate reinforced PVC composite as piping material. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2016.11.001
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[17] Rajeev, P., Surendranathan, A. O., & Murthy, C. S. N. Corrosion mitigation of the oil well steels using organic inhibitors – A review. Journal of Material Environmental Science, 3(5), 856 – 869, 2012.
[18] Koch, G., Varney, J., Thompson, N., Moghissi, O., Gould, M., & Payer, J. (2016). International mearsures of prevention, application, and economics of corrosion technologies study. Retrieved December 16, 2015, from http://impact.nace.org/documents/Nace-International-Report.pdf
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[20] B. Dan-asabe, S.A. Yaro, D.S. Yawas and S.Y. Aku, ‘Mechanical, spectroscopic and micro-structural characterization of banana particulate reinforced PVC composite as piping material’, Tribology in Industry, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 255 – 266, 2016.
[21] S. Kalia, B.S. Kaith and I. Kaur, ‘Pretreatments of natural fibers and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites-a review’, Polymer Engineering and Science, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 1253–1272, 2009.
[22] H. Essabir, E. Hilali, A. Elgharad, H. El Minor, A. Imad, A. Elamraoui, et al., ‘Mechanical and thermal properties of bio-composites based on polypropylene reinforced with Nut–shells of Argan particles’, Material Design, vol. 13, no. 49, pp. 442–448, 2013.
[23] O. Faruk, A.K. Bledzki, H. Fink and M. Sain, ‘Bio composites reinforced with natural fibres’, Progress in Polymer Science, vol. 12, pp. 37, pp. 1552 – 1596, 2012.
[24] P.N. Anyalebechi, ‘Material science and engineering laboratory manual, school of engineering and computing, grand valley State University, pp. 59- 60, 85, 2005.
[25] B. Dan-asabe, S.A. Yaro, D.S. Yawas and S.Y. Aku, ‘Water displacement and bulk density-relation methods of finding density of powdered materials’, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and technology, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 5561 – 5566, 2013.
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[27] Ullman, D. G. The Mechanical Design Process. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., 2010.
[28] Boresi, A. P., Schmidt, R. J., & Sidebottom, O. M. Advanced Mechanics of Materials. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993.
[29] Budynas, R. G. Advanced Strength and Applied Stress Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., 1999.
[30] N.V. David, S. Khairiyah and P.P. Anwar-Majeed, Elastic and dynamic response characteristics of kenaf/polypropylene composites: Development and characterization, edited by Syngellakis S., Wessex Institue Conference, WIT Press, pp. 183 – 194, 2015.
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[32] I.M. De Rosa, J.M. Kenny, D. Puglia, C. Santulli and F. Sarasini, ‘Morphological, thermal and mechanical characterization of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) fibres as potential reinforcement in polymer composites’, Comp. sc. Technol., vol. 70, pp. 116 – 22, 2010.
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[34] X. Xue, H. Zhang and S. Zhang, ‘Preparation of MgAl LDHs Inercalated with Amines and Effect on Thermal Behavior for Polyvinyl chloride’, Advances in Materials Physics and chemistry, vol. 4, pp. 258 – 266, 2014.
[35] Y. Nagasaki, G. Hashimoto, G. Grase, T. Kameda and T. Yoshioka, ‘Modification of PVC with long alkyl chains by nucleophilic substitution’, 7th international Symposium on Feedstock Recycling of Polymeric Materials, New Delhi, India, 2013.
[36] Mettler Toledo. Thermal Analysis of Thermoplastics, available at: http://www.us.mt.com/thermal_analysis_of_thermoplastic.pdf: 03:02:2016.
[37] Butaud, P., Placet, V., Klesa, J., Ouisse, M., Folteˆ te, E., Gabrion, X. Investigations on the frequency and temperature effects on mechanical properties of a shape memory polymer (Veriflex). Mechanics of Materials, 87, 50–60, 2015.
[38] Tajvidi, M., Falk, H. R., & Hermason, C. J. (2005). Time-temperature principle applied to Kenaf-fibre/HDPE composite. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 97, 1995 – 2004, 2005.
[39] PIPA, Life expectancy of plastic pipes. Plastics Industry Pipes Association of Australia Limited. Plastics Industry Pipe Association of Australia Ltd Suite 246, 813 Pacific Hwy, Chatswood NSW 2067, available at: www.pipa.com.au/sites/ default/files/document/attachment/tn013.pdf: 28:04:2016.
[40] NACE (2011), Life span of pipes is roughly comparable to that of humans, officials says, available at: www.web.nace.org/corossion-news/chemical-treatment/lifespan-of-pipes-is-roughly-comparable-to-that-of-humans-official-saya-800541175: 16:12:2015.
[41] E. Stradiotto (2016), Estimated material service life of drainage pipes. Ontario Concrete Pipe Association (OCPA)- The choice of a lifetime, available at: www.ocpa.com/getblob.php?table =technical_articles&field=pdf&_ID=17&file=Estimated_Material_Service_Life_of_Drainage_Pipes: 20:03:2016.
