77-79 Ghz Stacked Low Noise Amplifier for Automotive Radar

Authors

  • Muhammad Zeshan Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT), Pakistan
  • Shabbir Majeed Chaudhry Department of Electrical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology,Taxila-47050, Pakistan.

Abstract

This paper describes the three stage stacked low noise amplifier for automotive radar applications. Stack structure is employed to overcome the inability of MOSFETs to operate at high voltage levels, as stacked MOSFETs can tolerate k × Vmax where Vmax can be chosen to be near the breakdown voltage of a single device. Realized in 65nm CMOS process, the stacked amplifier provides a gain of 15 dB with noise figure of 3.5 dB at 79 GHz. The amplifier draws 28.2 mA current from a 3V supply. To examine the nonlinear behavior of the amplifier Volterra analysis is performed, second and third order harmonic distortions are determined. The effect of feedback on the output resistance is examined using Blackman’s analysis. Sensitivity analysis of the stacked LNA is also performed to determine the effect of parameter variations on the circuit performance.

Author Biography

Shabbir Majeed Chaudhry, Department of Electrical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology,Taxila-47050, Pakistan.

Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology,Taxila-47050, Pakistan.

References

Prehofer, C., & Bettstetter, C. (2005). Self-organization in communication networks: principles and design paradigms. Communications Magazine, IEEE, 43 (7), 78-85

Dargie, W., & Poellabauer, C. (2010). Fundamentals of wireless sensor networks: theory and practice. John Wiley & Sons

K. Kwak, S. Ullah, and N. Ullah, “An overview of IEEE 802.15.6 standard,” in 3rd International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies (ISABEL), pp. 1 –6, Nov. 2010

Wang, J., Zhang, Z., Yang, X., Zuo, L., & Kim, J. U. (2013). A Novel Three-Tier Diabetes Patients Monitoring Architecture in Hospital Environment.

Otto, C., Milenkovic, A., Sanders, C., & Jovanov, E. (2006). System architecture of a wireless body area sensor network for ubiquitous health monitoring. Journal of Mobile Multimedia, 1(4), 307-326.

Kamarudin, N. H., Yussoff, Y. M., & Hashim, H. (2014). Two-Tier e-Health Monitoring System.

Andris, D.; Tsioumas, P.; Tzes, A.; Nikolakopoulos, G.; Vergados, D.D. Power conservation through energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks. Sensors 2009, 9, 7320–7342.

Quwaider, M.; Biswas, S. Probabilistic Routing in On-Body Sensor Networks with Postural Disconnections. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Mobility Management and Wireless Access, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, 27–30 October 2009; pp. 149–158.

Ullah, S.; Higgins, H.; Braem, B.; Latre, B.; Blondia, C.; Moerman, I.; Saleem, S.; Rahman, Z.; Kwak, K.S. A comprehensive survey of wireless body area networks. J. Med. Syst. 2012, 36, 1065–1094.

Tang, Q.; Tummala, N.; Gupta, S.K.; Schwiebert, L. TARA: Thermal-Aware Routing Algorithm for Implanted Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of 1st IEEE International Conference Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems, Marina del Rey, CA, USA, 30 June–1 July 2005; pp. 206–217.

Bag, A.; Bassiouni, M.A. Hotspot preventing routing algorithm for delay-sensitive applications of in vivo biomedical sensor networks. Inf. Fusion 2008, 9, 389–398.

Djenouri, D.; Balasingham, I. New QoS and Geographical Routing in Wireless Biomedical Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Broadband Communications, Networks, and Systems, Madrid, Spain, 14–16 September 2009; pp. 1–8.

Razzaque, M.A.; Hong, C.S.; Lee, S. Data-centric multi objective QoS-aware routing protocol for body sensor networks. Sensors 2011, 11, 917–937.

“IEEE p802.15.6/d0 draft standard for body area network,” IEEE Draft, 2010.

Obaid Khan, A.Nadeem, K.Ahsan, “RPRP: Routing Protocol to ensure the reliability in health care system,”published inJournal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research 4 (1), pp 17-25, 2014.

Sullivan, D.M. Electromagnetic Simulation Using the FDTD Method, 1st ed.; Wiley-Blackwell Press: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2000.

54. Pennes, H.H. Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm.J. Appl. Physiol. 1948, 1, 93–122.

Oey, C.H.W.; Moh, S. A Survey on temperature-aware routing protocols in wireless body sensor networks. Sensors 2013, 13, 9860–9877.

Bag, A.; Bassiouni, M.A. Energy Efficient Thermal Aware Routing Algorithms for Embedded Biomedical Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), Vancouver, BC, Canada, 9–12 October 2006; pp. 604–609.

Takahashi, D.; Xiao, Y.; Hu, F. LTRT: Least Total-Route Temperature Routing for Embedded Biomedical Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, Washington, DC, USA, 26–30 November 2007; pp. 641–645.

Bag, Anirban, and Mostafa Bassio. "Routing algorithm for network of homogeneous and id-less biomedical sensor nodes (RAIN)." In Sensors Applications Symposium, 2008. SAS 2008. IEEE, pp. 68-73. IET, 2008.

Tabandeh, M.; Jahed, M.; Ahourai, F.; Moradi, S. A Thermal-Aware Shortest Hop Routing Algorithm for in vivo Biomedical Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Information Technology, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 27–29 April 2009; pp. 1612–1613.

Culpepper, B.J.; Dung, L.; Moh, M. Design and analysis of Hybrid Indirect Transmissions (HIT) for data gathering in wireless micro sensor networks. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Comput. Commun. Rev. 2004, 8, 61–83.

Watteyne, T., Auge-Blum, S., Dohler, M., and Barthel, D.,Anybody: a self-organization protocol for body area networks. In the Proc. of Second International Conference on Body Area Networks (BODYNETS 2007). Florence, Italy, 2007.

Heinzelman, W. R., Chandrakasan, A. and Balakrishnan, H. Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. In the Proc. of 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 8020–8024, 2000.

Latre, B.; Braem, B.; Moerman, I.; Blondia, C.; Reusens, E.; Joseph, W.; Demeester, P. A Low-Delay Protocol for Multihop Wireless Body Area Networks. In Proceedings of 4th Annual International Conference Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 6–10 August 2007; pp. 1–8

Ruzzelli, A.G.; Jurdak, R.; O'Hare, G.M.; Van Der Stok, P. Energy-Efficient Multi-Hop Medical Sensor Networking. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGMOBILE International Workshop on Systems and Networking Support for Healthcare and Assisted Living Environments, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 11–14 June, 2007; pp. 37–42.

Ruzzelli, A.G.; O'Hare, G.M.; O’Grady, M.J.; Tynan, R. MERLIN: A Synergetic Integration of MAC and Routing Protocol for Distributed Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of 3rd Annual IEEE Communications Society on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, Reston, VA, USA, 25–28 September 2006; pp. 266–275.

Bag, A.; Bassiouni, M.A. Biocomm–A cross-layer medium access control (MAC) and routing protocol co-design for biomedical sensor networks. Int. J. Parallel Emerg. Distrib. Syst. 2009, 24, 85–103.

A. Maskooki, C. B. Soh, E. Gunawan, and K. S. Low, “Opportunistic routing for body area network,” in IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), pp. 237 – 241, Jan. 2011.

Movassaghi, S.; Abolhasan, M.; Lipman, J. Energy Efficient Thermal and Power Aware (ETPA) Routing in Body Area Networks. In Proceedings of IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Sydney, NSW, Australia, 9–12 September 2012; pp. 1108–1113.

Liang, X.; Li, X.; Shen, Q.; Lu, R.; Lin, X.; Shen, X.; Zhuang, W. Exploiting Prediction to Enable Secure and Reliable Routing in Wireless Body Area Networks. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, Orlando, FL, USA, 25–30 March 2012; pp. 388–396.

Chipara, O.; He, Z.; Xing, G.; Chen, Q.; Wang, X.; Lu, C.; Stankovic, J.; Abdelzaher, T. Real-Time Power-Aware Routing in Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of 14th IEEE International Workshop on Quality of Service, New Haven, CT, USA, 19–21 June 2006; pp. 83–92.

Zykina, A.V. A lexicographic optimization algorithm. Autom. Remote Control 2004, 65, 363–368.

X. Liang, I. Balasingham, and S.-S. Byun, “A reinforcement learn- ing based routing protocol with qos support for biomedical sensor networks,” in First International Symposium on Applied Sciences on Biomedical and Communication Technologies (ISABEL ’08), pp. 1 – 5, Oct. 2008.

X. Liang and I. Balasingham, “A qos-aware routing service frame- work for biomedical sensor networks,” in Wireless Communication Systems, 2007. ISWCS 2007. 4th International Symposium on, pp. 342 –345, October 2007.

Wang, Ping, and Ting Wang. "Adaptive routing for sensor networks using reinforcement learning." In Computer and Information Technology, 2006. CIT'06. The Sixth IEEE International Conference on, pp. 219-219. IEEE, 2006.

Maman, Mickael, D. Miras, and Laurent Ouvry. "Implementation of a self-organizing, adaptive, flexible and ultra-low-power MAC protocol for wireless body area networks." In Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), 2013 IEEE 24th International Symposium on, pp. 1737-1742. IEEE, 2013.

Maman, Mickael, D. Miras, and Laurent Ouvry. "Implementation of a self-organizing, adaptive, flexible and ultra-low-power MAC protocol for wireless body area networks." In Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), 2013 IEEE 24th International Symposium on, pp. 1737-1742. IEEE, 2013.

https://castalia.forge.nicta.com.au/index.php/en/

https://omnetpp.org/

A.Sallam, A.Nadeem, K.Ahsan, M.Sarim,”A Novel QoS algorithm for Healthcare Applications of Body Area Sensor Networks”, published in Textroad Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research 4 (1), 169-178.

A Nadeem, MA Hussain, O Owais, A Salam, S Iqbal, K Ahsan, “Application Specific Study, Analysis and classification of Wireless Body Area Sensor Network Applications”, published in Elsevier Computer Network Journal , vol.83, 363-380, 2015.

MA Hussain, A Nadeem, O Khan, S Iqbal, A Salam, “Evaluating network layer selfish behavior and a method to detect and mitigate its effect in MANETs”, in proceedings of IEEE Multitopic Conference (INMIC), 2012 15th International, pp 283-289.

B. Braem, B. Latre´, I. Moerman, C. Blondia, and P. Demeester, “The wireless autonomous spanning tree protocol for multihop wireless body area networks,” In proceeding of the Third Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking Services, pp. 1 –8, July 2006.

Downloads

Published

2019-09-12

Issue

Section

Electrical Engineering and Computer Science